The Death of Catherine the Great

There is a well-known legend surrounding Empress Catherine the Great of Russia, and it involves a horse. The myth is that Catherine was crushed to death by a horse while attempting to have sex with it. Usually, the collapse of a harness or lifting mechanism is blamed. This would be bad enough, but theres a second myth thats often added when debunking the first. The second myth is that Catherine died on the toilet. But, whats the truth? The truth appears to be that Catherine died in bed of illness. There were no equines involved, and a Catherine with horse nexus was never attempted. Catherine has been slandered for several centuries. The Horse Myth Catherine the Great was Tsarina of Russia, one of the most powerful women in European history. So, how did the idea that she died while attempting an unusual practice with a horse become one of the most virulent myths in modern history, transmitted by whispers in school playgrounds across the western world? Its unfortunate that one of historys most interesting women is known to most people as a beast, but the combination of perverse rudeness and the relative foreignness of its subject makes this a perfect slander. People love hearing about sexual deviance, and they can believe it of a foreign person they dont know much about. So if Catherine didnt die while attempting sex with a horse (and just to reiterate, she absolutely, 100% didnt), how did the myth arise? Where did the fireless smoke come from? During past centuries the easiest way for people to offend and verbally attack their female enemies was sex. Marie Antoinette, the hated queen of France, was subjected to printed myths so deviant and obscene they would make spam emailers blush and certainly cant be reproduced here. Catherine the Great was always going to attract rumors about her sex life, but her sexual appetite, while modest by modern standards, meant that the rumors had to be even wilder to make up the ground. Historians believe the horse myth originated in France, among the French upper classes, soon after Catherines death, as a way to mar her legend. France and Russia were rivals, and they would continue to be on and off for a long time (particularly thanks to Napoleon), so both slated the citizens of the other. If this all seems a bit odd, consider that even in Britain in 2015, Prime Minister David Cameron was accused of an intimate act with a dead pigs head by a political enemy, which was widely reported, and which threatens to become a popular footnote to his governance. David Cameron may no longer be Prime Minister, but the pig jokes remain. It still happens today just as easily as it happened to Catherine the Great. Perhaps even easier, see below. The Toilet Myth However, in recent years another myth has emerged. Take a quick look around the web, and youll find pages debunking the idea of Catherine with the horse while stating that the great Empress of Russia died while on the toilet. Admittedly such sites are quick to point out another fact as myth, that Catherine’s bloated body was so heavy it cracked the toilet (this variation was also spread by Catherines contemporary enemies), but the toilet features prominently nonetheless. Indeed, some sources quote this from John Alexanders marvelous biography of Catherine: Sometime after nine chamberlain Zakhar Zotov, not having been summoned as anticipated, peeked in her bedroom and found nobody. In a closet adjacent, he discovered the Empress on the floor. With two comrades Zotov tried to help her up, but she barely opened her eyes once before emitting a faint groan as she exhaled and lapsed into unconsciousness from which she never recovered. If you take closet to mean water closet, another name for a toilet, the quote seems fairly conclusive. Unfortunately, this fact isnt true but the product of a desire for belittling humor. The toilet is a common enough location of death to be true, but still intrinsically humiliating, especially for a great Empress. Much the same process is behind the spreading of this myth; its just a little bit nicer and easier for the storyteller to be polite about. The truth is in the next section of Alexanders book. The Truth: Catherine may have never recovered full consciousness after her collapse, but she wasnt yet dead. Alexanders book goes on to explain (in paragraphs rarely quoted) how Catherine was laid in her bed as doctors tried to save her body and priests made rites to save her soul. Throughout she was racked with pain, her convulsing appearance causing great distress to her consorts. It was over twelve hours after Zotov found her, well past nine oclock at night, that Catherine finally died of natural causes, in bed and surrounded by friends and carers. Legacy She could have been remembered internationally for many things, but sadly most people know her for horses and toilets. In a sense, her enemies in France have won the longest game of all, because while Catherine dominated her era, the historical memory of her is tarnished, and the internet has turned the whole world into one giant school playground for rumors and hate to be spread, meaning Catherines reputation is unlikely to be corrected anytime soon. Source Alexander, John T. Catherine the Great: Life and Legend. 1 edition, Oxford University Press, November 3, 1988.

Environmental Ethics And Its Impact On The Environment

ntroduction and Thesis Environmental ethics is a branch of philosophy that examines human relationships to, and the ways they interact with, the environment. When it was noticed, that the increasing world population was negatively impacting the environment, as well as the use of pesticides, technology and industrialization, environmental ethics emerged as a field of study. Environmental ethics takes into consideration the value and moral standing of the environment and its non-human entities. It focuses on the value humans place on nature and defines their moral and ethical obligations to it, and there place in it. Moral standing is when value is placed on certain things and this value is used to determine if something is morally acceptable or not. Humans have moral standing when they do something for the individuals sake and not for their or someone else benefit. There are different ethical approaches that focus on the morality (right or wrong) of human behavior and their impact on the environment, and this paper covers five that will argue for the best suited to resolve environmental issues. This paper argues that Ecocentric Ethics is the best approach to environmental ethics. Explanation of Views This section examines the theories of Immanuel Kant, Tom Regan, Peter Singer, Paul Taylor, Aldo Leopold, and Arne Naess. These philosophers have different approaches to environmental ethics, and this paper discusses what constitutes moral standing, who or what deserves it,Show MoreRelatedEngineering Ethics601 Words   |  3 Pagesdilemma. ‘Engineering ethics’ refer to the ethical issues involved in the engineering profession. Ethics are concerned with moral decisions in professional behaviour. Whilst morality generally refers to any aspect of human action, ethics is concerned with making the ‘right’ decisions in a professional context. 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Outbound Investment Tax Issues In Australia â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Outbound Investment Tax Issues In Australia? Answer: Introducation As per the ATO (Australian Taxation Office, the FBT (Fringe benefit tax) is the tax that is paid by the employers on payment of few benefits that they offer to the employees. it includes the family of the employees and other associates. These benefits are paid as additional to or as part of the employees wages or salaries. For instance, the benefits received by the director of a trust or company will be subject to FBT. The treatment of FBT is different from the income tax and the FBT is computed on taxable value of fringe benefit that is provided (Dunne, Mason and Patto 2014). Person liable to pay for FBT Any person or employer who offers any fringe benefit to his employee or the associate of the employee with respect to his employment is required to pay for FBT. The employee for whom the employer is required paying the FBT may be the past, present or future employee or the director of the trust or company. Further, the person will be liable to pay FBT even if benefit is delivered to the associate of his employee or by any third party under the agreement with the person (Boccabella 2015). Loan benefit The situation of loan fringe benefit takes place while the employer provide the loan to any employee with zero interest rate or with minimal interest rate that is lower as compared to statutory interest rate. However, the term loan is quite large, for instance, when an employee owes an amount of debt to the employer but the employer does not enforce the payment while the debt become due, the amount remain unpaid will be treated as loan or where the loan is made to the employee that allows payment of interest that is less than six month frequent, the unpaid amount will be treated as separate loan at the end of every six month with zero interest rate (Somers and Eynaud 2015). Computation of Fringe benefit tax for Brian As per TR 93/6 taxation ruling, any person can avail the benefit of tax offsetting on on the interest payment of loan taken from various banks or financial institutions. Further, as per the ruling the taxpayer is not required to have profits from any other sources to make such payments. Therefore, if the bank facilitates Brian with the interest payment option at year closing, he will not be liable for payment of interest to bank. Further, if bank releases Brian from interest repayment, he will not be liable to pay tax. As per the case study of MC. Donald Vs FC of T, it was held that for the stated property Mr. Mc Donald was entitled to 25% of profit and Mrs. Mc. Donald was entitled to 75% of profit. However, in case of loss, the entire loss will be borne by Mr. Mc Donald. The main issue in the case was whether the operating loss shall be shared as per the agreement or it shall be shared in equal proportion. After the occurring of loss, the taxpayer claimed that the loss will entirely borne by Mr. Mc. Donald as per the agreement (Gordon 2016). However, the ATO contended that in the 1st place there were no partnership as per the general law and the relevant relation that was existed in the agreement was of the nature of co-ownership. The reason behind that was as per the law the tenants were joint and were in equity, the occurring of loss through letting out the properties shall be equally shared with respect to the consequence that the respondent will be allowed for only half of the loss (Edmonds an d Raghavan 2017). Finally, the private arrangement between the partners regarding sharing of profits or losses will not over-ride or change the respective entitlements under the income tax. Therefore, as per the principal establishment of Mc. Donald case Jack will be able to deduction for only half of the total loss that is ($ 10,000*50%) = $ 5,000. Thus, Jill and Jack are required to share loss amounted to $ 10,000 equally. Further, on selling instance, any arising capital loss or capital gain will be shared by Jill and Jack personally and the partnership level here will not be considered. Moreover, the capital gain, if any, will not be added to net income of partnership. However, that will be included to the income of each partner to the level of interest in the property. The case of IRC v Duke of Westminster (1936) based on the case of tax avoidance. As per the case, one gardener was employed by the dyke, who was paid from the post-tax income of Duke. However, for the purpose of tax chargeability, he stopped paying the gardener rather prepared another agreement for paying him the same amount. As per the taxation ruling, this enables Duke to claim deduction from his taxable income that reduced his income tax liability (Freedman 2016). However, this case state that each person is entitled to plan his tax as per his preference or requirement and no person can be enforced to pay higher amount of tax. The relevance of the case in Australia states that any person has the choice of transaction for through which the taxpayer achieves the benefit of the asset is the matter of him; he will be entitled to select that option of the transaction that will be subject to the tax or subject to less tax as compared to others (Evans 2015). As per the fact of the case Stanton v FCT (1955), the taxpayer was a grazier and he had some balance of timber with him. He entered into the agreement with saw miller who agreed for paying him lump sum on the basis of the timber amount that was standing in the land. However, amount was quarterly payable and independently became due irrespective of the fact that the timber was removed and cut or not. However, as per the courts verdict the taxpayer was not assessable on the payment as it was not the payment for royalty. However, if the case of Mc Cauley v FCT (1944) is taken into consideration, it was stated that the grazier was dealing with the timber for lump sum amount and it was just a matter to him irrespective of the fact that the purchaser came or cut it or not. However, the payment was with regard to the right for cutting g the timber and based on the time they wre engaged to do it (Wallace, Hart and Evans 2013). From the discussion of above two cases it is identified that the case of Mc Cauley v FCT (1944) will be applicable to Bill as the right for cutting the timber is the proprietary right as the lands owner. Further, the payment was not for timber rather it was for the right of cutting and removing the timber. The case of Stanton v FCT (1955) will not be applicable here as the word payment is expressed under this case as the amount of payment shall be calculated based on the value or quantity upon which rights are exercised. Therefore, taking into consideration the outcomes of the above cases, it is concluded that in 1st case the received amount of Bill will be taxable under income tax. However, in the 2nd case the received amount of Bill will be considered as royalty. Reference Boccabella, D., 2015. Reconciling the Overlap of Charging Provisions in Regard to Non-Cash Benefits from Employment, Personal Exertion and Business.J. Austl. Tax'n,17, p.85. Dunne, J., Mason, J. and Patto, J., 2014. 2013 cases show high ATO success rate.Taxation in Australia,48(8), p.429. Edmonds, M. and Raghavan, R., 2017. Outbound investment tax issues.Taxation in Australia,52(3), p.162. Evans, S., 2015. It's' Clean Hands' Again: The Dirtiness of Not Paying Tax Considered in the Supreme Court. Freedman, J., 2016. General Anti-Avoidance Rules (GAARs)A Key Element of Tax Systems in the Post-BEPS Tax World? The UK GAAR. Gordon, R., 2016. Increasing use of tax-transparent entities by private groups due to BEPS.Tax Specialist,19(4), p.136. Somers, R. and Eynaud, A., 2015. A matter of trusts: The ATO's proposed treatment of unpaid present entitlements: Part 1.Taxation in Australia,50(2), p.90. Wallace, M., Hart, G. and Evans, C., 2013. An evaluation of the contribution of Justice Hill to the provisions for the taxing of capital gains in Australia.Austl. Tax F.,28, p.123.

The Autobiography Of Benjamin Franklin Essays - United States

The Autobiography Of Benjamin Franklin The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin Book Review The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin was not an easy book to read. Writing styles have changed tremendously since the 1700s. Despite the cultural differences I learned a lot about the man and the time. Benjamin Franklin was a remarkable man. He was a printer, author, politician and an inventor. He was one of fifteen children in his family. Because he was from such a large family he was sent out to work at a very early age. He only had a few years of grammar school education when he started working in his fathers business. During his days off he educated himself through books. He was not happy working in his fathers business for very long. Unsure of what he wanted to do, his father took him around town to introduce him to other trades available to him. Not entirely pleased by the choices available, he settled on the printing trade. He worked as an apprentice in his brothers print shop for several years until tension ended their relationship. By this time he was in his late teens. He moved to Philadelphia to continue in the printing business. He did well in Philadelphia but was always unhappy working in someone elses print shop. The governor of Philadelphia offered him a letter of credit and introduction in England to help secure materials needed to start his own printing business. He accepted the offer only to find the offer less than reliable. This trip did not turn out as planned and he remained in England for two years trying to raise enough money to return to America. Upon Benjamin Franklins return to Philadelphia, he continued to master his printing trade. Within a few years he had established his own business. Several years later he started publishing a newspaper and was granted the honor of printing up the states currency. During this time he formed a book club, where a group of men would meet to discuss books. This eventually lead to organization of the first public library. Through the years, Benjamin Franklin created many things, including a new stove, to reduce the excessive smoke production caused by current models. His interest in science was increasing daily. With in twenty years of starting his own printing business he sold it to focus all his time on scientific experiments. He had already begun experimenting with electricity, including flying a kite during a lightening storm. With all of the accomplishments he had already achieved, as well as the great respect that people held for him, it was not unforeseen that he would enter into politics. Benjamin Franklin became a member of the Pennsylvania delegate in Congress. He advised action in advance of the French and Indian was, but he was thought to be over reacting and his plans were rejected. The war started in 1755, only two years after his plan to unite the colonies in defense was rejected, the war would not end until 1763. During the war Benjamin Franklin was sent to England as an ambassador of the American Colonies. He remained in England for five years. After returning to the states the war came to an end and England began imposing taxes on everything trying to recover costs from the war. Because of this, he returned to England to try to negotiate a charter. During his trip he was able to get a repeal of the Stamp Act, but other taxes were still being collected. With the tension between the states and England steadily increasing, Benjamin Franklin returned to the states with out any further resolutions. Upon His return, he became a member of the Second Continental Congress and was instrumental in helping drafting the Declaration of Independence. With another war brewing, Benjamin Franklin went to France to help secure an alliance. He spent almost a decade in France working on this relationship as well as trade treaties. He returned to the stated five years before his death. As a member of the Constitutional Convention he was trying to persuade Congress to abolish slavery. He died in 1790 without this final conquest being reached. Throughout his life, Benjamin Franklin was a leader. Colonial times were very difficult.

Artist Run Spaces

Artist Run Spaces This assignment was very reliant on the idea of group interaction, causing many people to form trusting relationships with people they had never met before. There was always the question of, will the other group members get their part of the assignment finished? A group is always thought of as just a number of people together, but in this case it had to be so much more. It required organization, research, as well as keeping in contact with one another in order to successfully complete the task at hand. In this report can be found what we as a group felt an artist-run space was, the artist-run space that we choose to visit, and finally our reactions to this artist-run space. In a group a lot can be accomplished but it takes work and organization, without these factors nothing will get done.At first, because of the fact that we were unfamiliar with the term "artist run space" we had booked an appointment with successful fashion photographer, Gabor Jurina.Artist at Work 1Gabor has photo graphed for various events as well as magazines such as Toronto Fashion, Fashion 18, and Weddingbells. This photographer, because of his many trips to New York, has been mistaken as a photographer from New York. He is however a Torontonian. His never failing determination to become a well known fashion photographer in Toronto brought him to this point where he is known all over the fashion industry in both Toronto and New York. We visited Gabor's loft downtown on Schumack Street, where most of his photo shoots in Toronto are taken. His loft was fairly big, with very few furniture pieces and three bare white walls with the exception of one wall covered in glass so the sun could shine through. It was after the visit when we...

All About Speciation

All About Speciation Evolution is most usually defined as a change in a population of a species over time through the accumulation of adaptations that are acted upon by natural selection. That may be a mouth full and nearly impossible to truly understand if there is not a full grasp on what a species actually is or how one changes over time. Sure, things change, but what makes them change? How does that affect other species? How long does it all take? Here we will shed some light on these questions and others like them about how evolution and speciation works. Definition of Species Perhaps the most important thing to be understood before truly grasping the idea of speciation and evolution is correctly defining the word species. Most books and reference materials will define the word species as a group of individual organisms that can interbreed in nature and produce viable offspring. While this definition is a good starting place, lets examine why it may not be quite  as accurate as it should be. First of all, there are many species out there that are asexual. This means there is no real interbreeding happening within those species. Any unicellular organism would be asexual. Some other types of fungi also produce their own spores for asexual reproduction. Some plants can also self-pollinate meaning they also do not interbreed. Do these species undergo speciation and ultimately evolution? The short answer to this question is yes, they do. However, while evolution is usually driven by natural selection, natural selection cannot work on a gene pool that does not have any variation. Offspring of an asexual organism are essentially clones and have no traits that are different within the entire population. However, some changes at the microevolutionary level may occur. Spontaneous DNA mutations are one way new genes can enter the picture and natural selection then has diversity to work on within that species. Eventually, those mutations and adaptations add up if they are favorable and the species changes. Another problem with the basic definition of a species is the existence of what are known as hybrids. Hybrids are offspring of two different species, like how mating a horse with a donkey gives a mule. Some hybrids are sterile, which is sort of taken care of with the viable offspring part of the original species definition. However, many other hybrids are capable of producing their own offspring. This is especially true in plants. Biologists do not agree on a single definition of the term species. Depending on the context, the word species may be defined in more than a dozen different ways. Scientists often choose a definition that fits their needs or combines several to take care of that problem. For the majority of evolution biologists, the general definition above usually suits their purposes, although alternate definitions may be used to explain various parts of the Theory of Evolution. Definition of Speciation Now that a basic definition of species has been decided, it is possible to define the term speciation. Much like a family tree, the tree of life has several branches that show where species change and become new species. The point on the tree where a species change is called speciation. Using the definition of species above, it is when the new organisms can no longer interbreed with the original organisms in nature and produce viable offspring. At that point, they are now a new species and speciation has occurred. On a phylogenetic tree, speciation is the point on the tree where the branches diverge from one another. The farther back on the tree the branches diverge, the less closely they are related to one another. Points, where the branches are closer together, means those species recently diverged from each other. How Does Speciation Occur? Most of the time, speciation occurs through divergent evolution. Divergent evolution is when a species becomes less similar and changes into new species. The original species that branches off is then known as the most recent common ancestor of the new species. That is the process that causes speciation, but what triggers divergent evolution? Charles Darwin described the mechanism of evolution which he called natural selection. The basic idea behind natural selection is that species undergo changes and accumulate adaptations that are favorable for their environments. After enough adaptations have built up, the species is no longer the same as it was and speciation has occurred. Where do these changes come from? Microevolution is the changing of the species on a molecular level like with DNA mutations. If they are significant mutations, they will cause adaptations that may or may not be favorable for their environment. Natural selection will work on these individuals and the ones with the most favorable adaptations survive to create the new species. Changes in species can also happen on a larger scale. Macroevolution examines those changes. One of the most common causes of speciation is called geographic isolation. This is when a population of a species is separated from the original population and over time, the two populations accumulate different adaptations and undergo speciation. If they were brought back together after the speciation has happened, they will no longer be able to interbreed and are therefore not the same species anymore. Sometimes speciation happens because of reproductive isolation. Unlike geographic isolation, the population is still together in the same area, but something causes some of the individuals to no longer be able to mate and produce offspring with the original species. This could be something along the lines of a change in mating season or a different mating ritual. In some cases, males and females of the species have special colors or distinct markings. If these mating indicators were to change, the original species may no longer recognize the new individuals as potential mates. There are four types of speciation. Allopatric speciation and peripatric speciation are caused by geographic isolation. Parapatric speciation and sympatic speciation are the other two types and are generally due to reproductive isolation. How Speciation Affects Other Species Speciation of one species can affect the evolution of other species if they have a close relationship in an ecosystem. When populations of different species come together to form a community, they often depend on each other in some way for survival or to make life easier. This is especially apparent in food webs and food chains and in particular predator and prey relationships. If one of these species were to change, other species may also need to change. An example of this coevolution or cospeciation could be the speed of a prey species. The prey may accumulate adaptations that create larger leg muscles to help them run faster. If the predator does not adapt, it may starve. Therefore, only faster predators, or perhaps stealthier predators, will survive to pass down their favorable adaptations to their offspring. That means since the prey evolved or became a new species, the predator had to also evolve or change.

Criminal Identification Procedures in the 21st Century Research Paper - 1

Criminal Identification Procedures in the 21st Century - Research Paper Example In the nascent stage of criminal identification, the law enforcement agencies and institutions relied on raw techniques like anthropometry that relied on the dimensions of varied body parts like cheek width and arm span for identifying criminals (Stern, 2001). However, the cause of justice soon realized that criminal identification happened to be a pivotal legal step and hence needs to be based on more reliable techniques (Stern, 2001). Hence, fingerprinting eventually evolved to be a more specialized method of criminal identification. However, this technique also has its limitations. Many a times the distorted or smudged fingerprints picked up from a crime scene do not totally corroborate with the intact fingerprints taken by a technician under ideal conditions (Stern, 2001). However, doubts are now being raised on the credibility of finger printing in the light of the techniques used to gather fingerprints from the crime scenes not being that perfect (Stern, 2001). Yet, there is mu ch to hope in the sense that in the 21st century, science has facilitated law with varied more accurate criminal identification techniques like DNA analysis, biometrics, palmprint technique, which are more accurate and authentic. In that context it is heartening to mention that DNA analysis has emerged as being a highly reliable procedure in the arena of criminal identification. DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid, simply speaking happens to be a blueprint of any individual’s body that all humans carry in the cells of their body (Snow, 2005, p. 124). The DNA of a suspect could by easily recovered from hair, skin cells, body fluids like blood and semen and also any trace of any tissue left by a suspect at a crime scene (Snow, 2005, p. 124). Scientific studies have proven beyond doubt that the DNA of every individual happens to be unique and unlike the smudged or tampered fingerprints collected from a crime scene, the DNA of a suspect in no way gets altered under